Metropolitan France topographic map

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new…

Average elevation: 246 ft

Average elevation: 10,161 ft

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Average elevation: 568 ft

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Average elevation: 623 ft

Average elevation: 2,677 ft

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Average elevation: 56 ft

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Average elevation: 3,488 ft

Average elevation: 4,065 ft

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Average elevation: 276 ft

Average elevation: 627 ft

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Average elevation: 5,863 ft

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Average elevation: 837 ft

Average elevation: 3,980 ft

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Average elevation: 1,991 ft

Average elevation: 4,728 ft

Average elevation: 3,671 ft

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Average elevation: 932 ft

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Average elevation: 102 ft

Average elevation: 1,309 ft

Average elevation: 482 ft

Average elevation: 2,169 ft

Average elevation: 3,294 ft

Average elevation: 131 ft

From the west, the climb starts at Les Clapier, near Le Bourg-d'Oisans, from where the climb is 34.2 km (21.3 mi) long, gaining 1,312 m (4,304 ft) in altitude, at an average gradient of 3.8%, with the steepest section being at 7.5% in the first kilometre.

Average elevation: 7,418 ft

Average elevation: 8,241 ft

Average elevation: 36 ft

Average elevation: 59 ft

Average elevation: 102 ft

Average elevation: 3,658 ft

Average elevation: 1,299 ft

Average elevation: 220 ft

Average elevation: 1,867 ft

The maximum elevation for skiing is at Telesiege Yret at 2,800 m (9,190 ft) above sea level, and the minimum is 1,200 m (3,940 ft), a total vertical drop of 1,600 m (5,250 ft). One of the outstanding features of Serre Chevalier is the wooded nature of the slopes. The timber line is at 2,150 m (7,050 ft),…

Average elevation: 7,402 ft

Average elevation: 49 ft

Average elevation: 686 ft

Average elevation: 617 ft

Average elevation: 531 ft

Average elevation: 896 ft

Average elevation: 108 ft

Average elevation: 935 ft

Average elevation: 1,755 ft

Average elevation: 171 ft

Average elevation: 4,485 ft

Average elevation: 115 ft

Average elevation: 988 ft

Average elevation: 2,362 ft

The resort was founded in 1964 and has an altitude range of 1,850 m (6,070 ft).

Average elevation: 6,768 ft

Average elevation: 194 ft

Average elevation: 4,875 ft

Average elevation: 2,644 ft

Average elevation: 4,068 ft

Average elevation: 4,514 ft

Average elevation: 335 ft

Average elevation: 1,847 ft

Average elevation: 1,020 ft

Average elevation: 20 ft

Average elevation: 236 ft

Average elevation: 3,445 ft

Average elevation: 945 ft

Average elevation: 1,519 ft

Average elevation: 381 ft

Average elevation: 430 ft

Average elevation: 4,206 ft

Average elevation: 1,191 ft

Average elevation: 410 ft

Average elevation: 1,588 ft

Average elevation: 128 ft

Average elevation: 1,309 ft

Average elevation: 161 ft

Average elevation: 282 ft

Average elevation: 39 ft

Average elevation: 1,204 ft

Average elevation: 1,112 ft

Average elevation: 20 ft

Average elevation: 1,047 ft

Average elevation: 942 ft

Average elevation: 161 ft