Alsace topographic map

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new…

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From the west, the climb starts at Les Clapier, near Le Bourg-d'Oisans, from where the climb is 34.2 km (21.3 mi) long, gaining 1,312 m (4,304 ft) in altitude, at an average gradient of 3.8%, with the steepest section being at 7.5% in the first kilometre.

Average elevation: 7,418 ft

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Average elevation: 8,241 ft

The maximum elevation for skiing is at Telesiege Yret at 2,800 m (9,190 ft) above sea level, and the minimum is 1,200 m (3,940 ft), a total vertical drop of 1,600 m (5,250 ft). One of the outstanding features of Serre Chevalier is the wooded nature of the slopes. The timber line is at 2,150 m (7,050 ft),…

Average elevation: 7,402 ft

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Average elevation: 115 ft

The resort was founded in 1964 and has an altitude range of 1,850 m (6,070 ft).

Average elevation: 6,768 ft

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Average elevation: 161 ft

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Average elevation: 853 ft